“Strengths-based teaching does not ask educators to overlook what students need to improve. It asks us to ensure that improvement is not the only thing students learn to see in themselves.” — Dr. Bruce A. Johnson
What do you notice first when you evaluate your students?
Do you immediately see missing requirements, incorrect responses, uneven participation, and skills that have not yet developed? Or can you also identify effort, emerging understanding, prior experience, intellectual curiosity, and the potential for continued growth?
Educators are responsible for evaluating performance. We cannot ignore academic standards or pretend that incomplete work has met course requirements. Yet when our attention becomes centered almost exclusively on deficiencies, students may begin to experience the course as a continual record of what they cannot do.
A strengths-based approach provides another way to teach.
Positive psychology can help educators examine how classroom communication, feedback, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment influence the learning experience. It does not require constant cheerfulness, exaggerated praise, or the denial of genuine difficulties. It encourages instructors to recognize human capability while still addressing the work required for development.
For online students, this balance can be especially important. The instructor may be the only visible human connection within a technology-mediated classroom. Every announcement, discussion response, message, and feedback comment contributes to the student’s perception of whether the course is merely processing their work—or whether an educator is present and invested in their learning.
Positive psychology cannot guarantee engagement, persistence, well-being, or academic success. Students bring different circumstances, needs, goals, and levels of readiness into the classroom. However, a thoughtful strengths-based approach can help create conditions in which students are more likely to recognize progress, remain connected, and believe that further development is possible.
Positive Psychology Is Not Forced Positivity
Positive psychology is often misunderstood as an instruction to think happy thoughts or maintain an optimistic attitude regardless of circumstances.
That is not its purpose.
Positive psychology studies the strengths, relationships, experiences, and conditions that contribute to well-being and human flourishing. One widely recognized framework is Martin Seligman’s PERMA model:
- Positive Emotion: Experiences such as hope, interest, gratitude, and encouragement
- Engagement: Meaningful involvement and absorption in an activity
- Relationships: Supportive and constructive connections with others
- Meaning: A sense that an activity serves a purpose beyond completing a task
- Accomplishment: Progress toward a valued goal
These elements can provide educators with a useful lens for considering the student experience. They do not become a checklist for manufacturing happiness. Nor should instructors assume responsibility for students’ mental health or attempt to serve as counselors.
In an educational setting, positive psychology is most useful when translated into instructional practices. An instructor can design meaningful learning activities, recognize developing strengths, encourage productive effort, build respectful relationships, clarify pathways toward accomplishment, and connect course concepts to students’ goals.
The instructor is shaping the learning environment—not controlling the student’s emotional state.
Begin with Instructional Presence
An online classroom can feel distant when students encounter assignments, automated notices, grades, and due dates without a recognizable educator behind them.
Instructional presence changes that experience.
Presence does not mean logging into the course throughout the day or responding to every message immediately. It means students can see evidence that an instructor is actively guiding the learning process.
This may include:
- Posting a weekly introduction that explains the purpose of upcoming activities
- Participating meaningfully in discussions
- Connecting course concepts to relevant professional situations
- Providing timely and individualized feedback
- Clarifying common misunderstandings
- Reaching out when a student’s participation changes
- Explaining how one week’s learning prepares students for what comes next
Visibility alone is not enough. An instructor can post frequently while contributing little to student development. Substantive presence is demonstrated when communication helps students understand, apply, evaluate, or continue working with what they are learning.
Students may not remember every announcement you post. They are more likely to remember whether your involvement helped them find their way forward.
Connect Positive Psychology with Appreciative Andragogy
My work with strengths-based teaching developed from appreciative inquiry, an approach that begins by examining strengths, successful experiences, and existing possibilities rather than concentrating only on problems.
I adapted this perspective to adult education through an instructional strategy I call appreciative andragogy.
Andragogy addresses principles associated with adult learning. Adults bring prior knowledge and experience into the classroom, generally want to understand why learning matters, and often value opportunities to apply new knowledge to meaningful situations.
Appreciative andragogy asks educators to recognize what adult learners already possess while helping them develop what they still need.
This does not mean overlooking errors or offering praise that has not been earned. It means asking questions such as:
- What can this student already do?
- What knowledge or experience can become a foundation for further learning?
- Where is progress visible?
- What effective choice can the student repeat?
- What specific skill requires development next?
- How can feedback help the student recognize both capability and responsibility?
- What would help this student understand the relevance of the learning activity?
A deficit-centered approach can leave students with a list of failures.
An appreciative approach identifies an honest starting point and makes development visible.
Seven Strengths-Based Teaching Commitments
Positive psychology becomes useful to educators only when it changes what they do. The following commitments translate a strengths-based perspective into everyday instructional practice.
- I Will Create Meaningful Opportunities for Engagement
Engagement is not produced simply by requiring students to post a certain number of discussion responses or remain logged into a course for a specified period.
Students become intellectually engaged when they are invited to make decisions, examine relevant problems, connect ideas, test assumptions, and contribute something meaningful.
In a discussion, I can move beyond asking whether a student supplied the correct answer. I can respond with a question that encourages deeper thought:
- What evidence most strongly supports your conclusion?
- How might this situation look from another stakeholder’s perspective?
- Which principle would be most difficult to apply in an actual workplace?
- What changed in your thinking as you examined this issue?
- How does your professional experience support or challenge this concept?
I do not need to respond to every student in precisely the same way. My goal is to ensure that my participation adds instructional value rather than merely confirming that I read the post.
When a student’s participation changes, outreach should be respectful and free of assumptions:
“Hello, Jordan. I noticed you have not yet participated in this week’s discussion. I wanted to check in and make certain you can access the activity and understand what is required. Please let me know if you have a question about getting started.”
The student remains responsible for participating. My message simply communicates that their presence has been noticed.
- I Will Recognize Effective Effort Without Offering Empty Praise
Students need accurate information about their performance. They also need help identifying what is working so they can repeat and build upon it.
Generic praise such as “Great job” may feel encouraging for a moment, but it provides little instructional guidance. Effective recognition is specific:
- “Your comparison clearly distinguishes the two leadership approaches.”
- “The workplace example strengthens your explanation because it demonstrates how the concept operates in practice.”
- “Your revision is more focused, and the evidence now supports the central claim.”
- “Although the final calculation is incorrect, your first two steps show that you selected the appropriate process.”
These comments identify an actual strength. They also provide evidence that progress can be understood—not merely felt.
This is one reason I no longer recommend relying upon the formulaic “feedback sandwich,” in which criticism is placed between two positive statements. When students learn the pattern, they may treat the opening praise as an obligatory prelude to the “real” message.
Feedback does not need to disguise developmental guidance. It should integrate recognition and correction honestly:
“You developed a clear position and selected a relevant example. The next step is to connect that example directly to the assigned theory. Add evidence from the reading and explain how it supports your conclusion.”
The student can see what was accomplished, what remains incomplete, and what action to take next.
- I Will Help Students Recognize Progress
Students often evaluate themselves through isolated outcomes.
One low grade may become evidence that they are incapable. One difficult discussion may convince them they do not belong. One confusing week may feel like proof that they cannot complete the course.
An educator can help students place individual outcomes within a developmental process.
Reflection prompts can ask students to consider:
- What do I understand now that I did not understand at the beginning?
- Which part of this assignment demonstrates my strongest work?
- What feedback pattern have I noticed across recent assignments?
- Which strategy helped me make progress?
- What is one specific improvement I will make next time?
- What support or resource would help me take that step?
Reflection should not become a demand for students to describe every experience positively. Sometimes an honest reflection will identify frustration, uncertainty, a barrier, or a teaching practice that did not help.
Student voice matters.
The purpose of reflection is not to produce a cheerful response. It is to help students understand their learning, identify choices, and develop greater awareness of how progress occurs.
- I Will Model the Learning Disposition I Ask Students to Develop
Students observe how instructors communicate under ordinary and difficult circumstances.
They notice whether questions are treated as interruptions. They notice whether expectations are clear, feedback is respectful, corrections are acknowledged, and disagreements are handled professionally.
An educator models a learning disposition by demonstrating:
- Curiosity rather than immediate judgment
- Respectful disagreement
- Willingness to clarify confusing instructions
- Openness to relevant perspectives
- Appropriate acknowledgment of an error
- Confidence without intellectual rigidity
- Consistent application of academic standards
If I discover that an instruction was unclear, I can say:
“Several questions helped me recognize that this requirement could be interpreted in more than one way. I have revised the instructions and extended the deadline so everyone can work from the same expectations.”
That response does not diminish my authority. It demonstrates accountability.
When students see an educator revise, clarify, and continue learning, they receive a practical model of the intellectual habits higher education is intended to develop.
- I Will Use My Expertise to Make Learning Relevant
Subject-matter expertise becomes most valuable when it helps students understand why knowledge matters and how it can be used.
An instructor may know far more about a topic than can—or should—be included in one course. The challenge is not displaying everything the instructor knows. It is selecting the examples, questions, explanations, and applications that help students build understanding.
I can use my expertise to:
- Explain how a concept operates in an authentic professional setting
- Describe a common misunderstanding and why it occurs
- Compare textbook principles with workplace realities
- Demonstrate how professionals make decisions when information is incomplete
- Connect current learning to a later assignment or professional responsibility
- Help students recognize the limits of a theory or model
- Show how evidence changes the quality of a conclusion
Adult learners are often balancing education with employment, family responsibilities, caregiving, and other demands. Relevance does not remove those pressures, but it helps students understand why the effort required by a learning activity may be worthwhile.
Meaning strengthens learning when it is connected to purpose—not when relevance is merely announced.
- I Will Consider the Student Perspective Without Making Assumptions
A student-centered educator tries to understand how the course is being experienced by the learner.
This does not require guessing what every student feels or assuming that all difficulties result from personal hardship. It means examining the course from outside the instructor’s own familiarity.
I can ask:
- Are the instructions understandable to someone encountering the assignment for the first time?
- Does the rubric describe what successful performance looks like?
- Are course materials accessible and organized logically?
- Are examples inclusive of varied professional, cultural, and geographic contexts?
- Does the workload align with the stated course expectations?
- Can students determine where to begin and what to do next?
- Does my feedback guide development, or does it merely defend the grade?
- Have I confused student silence with lack of interest?
- Are students given an appropriate way to ask questions or provide feedback?
Personalized communication is valuable, but personalization must remain respectful. An educator should not require students to reveal private circumstances to receive basic clarity or support.
When a concern involves mental health, disability accommodations, safety, discrimination, or another matter beyond the instructor’s role, a strengths-based response includes connecting the student with the appropriate institutional resource.
Care does not require assuming responsibilities for which the educator is neither qualified nor authorized.
- I Will Make Accomplishment Visible and the Next Step Clear
A major project can feel overwhelming when students see only the distance between their current work and the final expectation.
Instructors can support accomplishment by creating visible stages of progress.
This may include:
- Dividing a complex assignment into purposeful milestones
- Providing examples or models of selected components
- Explaining how weekly activities contribute to the final outcome
- Offering formative feedback before a high-stakes submission
- Using rubrics that describe levels of performance clearly
- Identifying one or two priority improvements rather than overwhelming students with every possible correction
- Asking students to apply previous feedback to new work
- Recognizing improvement across assignments
Accomplishment is not limited to earning a high grade. A student may demonstrate accomplishment by developing a stronger argument, asking a more focused question, applying feedback effectively, completing an unfamiliar task, or recovering after an unsuccessful attempt.
Standards remain important. The student must still produce the required work. Yet when progress is visible, the final goal may feel attainable rather than impossibly distant.
Strengths-Based Teaching Must Remain Honest
A positive approach can become harmful when it denies reality.
An instructor should not use encouraging language to conceal serious academic concerns. A student who is unlikely to pass needs clear and timely information. A student who has violated a policy needs an accurate explanation of the violation and its consequences. A student whose work does not meet the standard needs to know precisely what is missing.
False reassurance does not create hope. It delays understanding.
Strengths-based feedback might state:
“You have continued submitting each assignment and your examples demonstrate familiarity with the workplace problem. However, the written analysis has not yet met the course requirements because the assigned theories and scholarly evidence are missing. Your current grade places you at risk of not passing. For the next assignment, begin with the rubric sections on theory and evidence. I can help you interpret those requirements during office hours.”
This response recognizes genuine effort while clearly explaining the academic reality.
Positive psychology should also never become a way to place all responsibility for well-being upon students or instructors. Course design, workload, technology, institutional policies, access to resources, and broader life circumstances all affect the educational experience.
A strengths-based instructor can improve many interactions. One instructor cannot repair every structural problem through optimism.
Protect the Educator’s Capacity to Teach This Way
Strengths-based teaching requires attention.
It takes time to identify what a student has done effectively, construct individualized guidance, participate meaningfully in discussions, and make connections between course concepts and student goals.
Faculty members cannot sustain this work if instructional presence is interpreted as constant availability.
Educators need reasonable boundaries, manageable expectations, useful resources, professional development, and institutional support. They may also benefit from:
- Establishing and communicating response-time expectations
- Creating templates for recurring questions while personalizing their use
- Developing clear announcements and assignment guidance
- Scheduling focused periods for discussion participation and feedback
- Identifying repeated student difficulties that require course revision
- Consulting colleagues about challenging situations
- Using appropriate institutional referral processes
- Protecting time away from the classroom
An instructor’s well-being is not separate from the learning environment. Exhaustion, overload, and unsupported emotional labor influence the capacity available for thoughtful teaching.
This does not mean educators must feel positive before they can teach effectively. It means sustainable working practices help them remain attentive, fair, and responsive.
Change What Students Learn to See in Themselves
Positive psychology can strengthen teaching when it changes the educator’s field of vision.
You still see the missing evidence.
You also see the student’s emerging argument.
You still identify the incorrect process.
You also identify the step the student understood.
You still uphold the academic standard.
You also show the student what movement toward that standard looks like.
Over time, students may begin to adopt this same way of evaluating their work. Instead of seeing only success or failure, they can learn to identify strengths, gaps, strategies, progress, and next steps.
That is the deeper purpose of appreciative andragogy.
Students are not told that everything is positive. They are helped to recognize that development remains possible—and that they possess knowledge, experiences, choices, and capabilities they can use as they continue.
We cannot create motivation for every student. We cannot guarantee engagement, well-being, persistence, or success. But we can build classrooms in which students encounter something more meaningful than a continuing inventory of their deficiencies.
We can teach them with honesty.
We can guide them with purpose.
And we can help them see that what they have not mastered yet does not erase the strengths from which future learning can begin.
Continue Transforming Your Online Teaching
A strengths-based approach is one expression of instructional presence. It brings together meaningful engagement, constructive feedback, adult learning, student development, and the human connection at the center of education.
The Transform Online Teaching Collection offers books and thoughtfully designed resources created to help educators strengthen engagement, feedback, communication, and instructional presence within online learning.
Explore the collection for practical guidance and meaningful reminders of the influence educators bring to every learning experience.
About Dr. Bruce A. Johnson
Dr. Bruce A. Johnson is an educator, curriculum leader, author, and faculty-development professional with more than three decades of experience teaching and training adults. Since entering the field of online education in 2005, he has served as an online instructor, faculty-development specialist, faculty director, faculty-development manager, dissertation chair, and curriculum leader.
Dr. J’s work focuses on instructional presence, meaningful student engagement, faculty development, adult learning, curriculum design, and the human connection at the center of education. He is the author of Getting Down to Business, Transform Adult Education, and Transform Online Teaching, along with more than 230 Articles about higher education, online teaching, adult learning, and mindset development.
Explore Dr. J’s books, Articles, Transform Online Teaching resources, and An Inspired Educator Collections for practical guidance, meaningful encouragement, and thoughtfully created resources for educators and lifelong learners.




























